How do I get rid of the odor from vintage jewelry box velvet lining?

Best solution is to sprinkle a bunch of baking soda on the velvet and close the box for a few days. After some time dust and vacuum up the baking soda.

Clean kitty litter works well.

Here's a good tutorial that might help: https://www.hunker.com/13421516/how-to-get-the-musty-odor-out-of-a-jewelry-box

cleanest way is to get a sock & fill it with activated charcoal place it flat inside box/cabinet and close it up for a few days multiples for different areas/shelves. if it's a small box use baby socks(get at goodwill) or use a small cheesecloth bag. Since you don't need much you can get it at stores that sell fish filter supplies/pet stores

Silica packets absorb odor and moisture