How to hang curtain rod over sliding door frame?

You might be trying to drill into the wooden header above the door. Do you have an electric drill you can use?

I tend to agree with the first comment. If you have a drill you can purchase a drill bit to drill out the hole before trying to get that bolt in further.

you could go a little further out if there is a stud or something in your way it will make the door look wider

Are you using hollow wall anchors? You will need to if there isn’t studs behind the drywall.

If you are hitting wood, you won't need an anchor.

Yes, there is most likely a metal portion of the door frame in the way.

You will need to get a drill bit robust enough to penetrate through both the wood trim and the metal frame portion, to drill the hole for the mounting hardware.

Next, you will require either a metal toggle, or a metal plug (also called an anchor) to fit the size of the hole that has been drilled.

If there is nothing, just space, behind the metal frame when you drill the hole, then you will need a metal toggle (first picture below).

If you hit wood again behind the metal frame, then what you will need is a metal plug, (second picture below).

It could well be the wooden header above the door opening,, drill a smaller pilot hole than the screws for the hardware. Toggle bolt is only used in drywall where there is nothing backing it.

Maybe try moving the rod over a bit

Most likely yes, there's header framing above the door. You can screw directly into it with longer screws. Look up "how to frame a door" and you'll see how it's built.

try to move a rod a bit