How can I make a temporary wall without drilling holes?

Use a privacy screen

Plywood, works good, make a frame around it, you can keep it stable by putting four supports(feet) at a ninety degree angle. When finished you can decorate it to go with your décor.

My thought was to get a tall bookshelf (or two, side by side if need be), either closed back or open backed (and then cover the opened back with heavy material, like a tapestry or pretty cutain material ... something you would use later for something), and then you (or your daughter -- whoever has the open side of the shelves) has extra storage space for something on the shelving.

Would privacy screens work instead or build something on the same principal.

You can hang a pretty sheet between your spaces. It would only take two eyehooks and some wire A very easy patch job when moving out

Top 25+ best Temporary wall divider ideas on Pinterest | Cheap room ...

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/temporary-wall-divider/

Get a couple folding standing screens, put a row of tall bookcases, https://www.google.com/search?q=pictures+of+temporary+bedroom&client=opera&hs=pX5&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3rP-K197VAhVBx2MKHWkTCVAQ7AkIag&biw=1366&bih=629

Hand a ceiling to floor curtain between the spaces