Are there temporary tiles for a painted backsplash surface
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Yes! Your home improvement store should have a good assortment to choose from. I wouldn't shop on-line for this since the colors may not be true and might not match your existing decor.
No tiles are temporary as they must be glued/stuck to the surface. What you could do is use thin wood panels cut to fit the wall area. Put peel and stick tile on the panels and use a few blobs of silicone caulk to stick the panels on the wall. Pop the panels off and scrape off the caulk.
Go shopping...have fun!
Maybe this will give you some inspiration for other temporary backsplash solutions! Good luck! https://www.bobvila.com/articles/removable-backsplashes/