Try a rain garden! Rain gardens use areas that flood naturally to help the water soak into the ground. Here's how: https://extension.psu.edu/rain-gardens-the-basics

The seeds are planted almost on the surface of the soil. The trick to growing bigger carrots is to choose the right variety and to make sure the soil is very loose without rocks. A sandy loam or a loam is best for carrots. If you have a clay soil, they just can't push through to grow to a bigger size. "Tendersweet" is a good variety to grow long carrots.

You don't need to dig them up. Just keep them watered, and let the green die back naturally. The bulb goes dormant for a while. It might need replanting or dividing if it made side bulbs. Keep it in a sunny spot and eventually it will reflower.

You don't need to protect daffodils and tulips from the cold. The cold weather helps tulips flower in the spring. Even if the green tips are showing, cold won't kill them. It might brown the leaves a bit.

I don't suggest Bradford pears as they tend to split at the trunk over a few years. Try dogwood or a native tree for your area. Plant them the recommended distance apart (you'll need to measure your fence and come up with an estimate).

Early spring, when it just starts to leaf out. Cut off a segment that shows green.

It's safe, but the cold may shock them, so let the water come to room temperature. It's neither good nor bad. Rainwater is generally better than tap water for plants because it contains more nitrogen and no chlorine/fluoride as tap water generally does, but it's not a noticeable difference.

I cut mine back in the late fall or winter when they are dormant. It's also helpful because when they don't have leaves you can see the branches easily.

I like yellow sticky traps. These are special papers on a stick. The paper is yellow and coated with a sticky substance. You put the stick into soil and the gnats are attracted to the yellow paper. They stick to it and then you just throw away the whole thing after a few days. It works great on house plants.

Late summer, after they finish blooming. Don't be shy when dividing your day lilies. I use my garden spade and hack away. Plant the divided roots as soon as possible.

Great questions! Lettuces, radishes, swiss chard, spinach, kale, mustard greens and turnip greens all do well in cooler climates. Kohlrabi, beets, and turnips also love it cold. Check the variety before planting as some are more cold hardy than others. I buy seeds from several catalogs and look for varieties marked "good to withstand frost" etc for my winter crops. You may also want to look into a tunnel and winterizing cloth system. This is a special row cover that fits over hoops on the garden bed that protects against snow and ice and helps cold-hardy crops survive a freezing period.

During the period when the tree is dormant, prune off small branches and those crossing over other branches. Also prune off any water sprouts or branches reaching straight up from a main branch. Be sure to wipe your pruner blades with a rag dipped in rubbing alcohol between pruning different trees to kill any pathogens. Fire blight spreads easily during pruning and pear trees are susceptible.